Child Abuse and Neglect :: Violence Against Children

Youngster misuse is characterized by the U.S. Branch of Health and Human Services as being, Any ongoing demonstration or inability to follow up on the piece of a parent or overseer which brings about death, genuine physical or passionate mischief, sexual maltreatment or misuse; or A demonstration or inability to act which presents a fast approaching danger of genuine harm.(Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect 2015). Kid misuse is a developing social issue which brings about the demise of around 2,000 youngsters every year. In only one day five kids will pass on from misuse or disregard. Indeed at regular intervals another youngster is mishandled in the United States. The way that such a significant number of youngsters are being mishandled and might be slaughtered by this maltreatment is critical, yet it is additionally imperative to understand that there are unfavorable impacts that the maltreatment may have on a kid ten or after twelve years. The maltreatment that a kid supports may influence individuals in totally different manners, yet kid misuse has never and will never positively affect a youngster sometime down the road. A kid that goes untreated for having been manhandled has an improved probability of capture for a fierce wrongdoing than that of everyone by thirty eight percent. Kids that have been manhandled have been found to have a more noteworthy possibility of misconduct and an existence of wrongdoing. Casualties of kid misuse have been demonstrated to be more in danger than individuals of everyone for antagonistic individual and get-togethers sometime down the road. Since there are such a large number of contrary impacts that kid misuse has on individuals further down the road, there must be ways for individuals to talk about their issues and have others' recommendation who have encountered comparable maltreatment in their life. One manner by which individuals may feel good talking about their past maltreatment is on-line on the World Wide Web. They can expound on their encounters and get criticism from individuals with comparable issues. Individuals recount to their own accounts of the maltreatment that they continued as kids and the negative impacts that it has had on their life as grown-ups. A significant number of the narratives talk about manners by which a kid misuse, for example, sexual maltreatment, has influenced their lives as grown-ups in their associations with individuals of the other gender. Anybody can jump on-line and recount to their biography of misuse whether it be sexual, physical, or mental.

Critiquing Historical Analysis of Classmate - Subject- Atomic Bomb Assignment

Studying Historical Analysis of Classmate - Subject-Atomic Bomb - Assignment Example The commentator asserts that the possibility of the nuclear bomb came to presence during WWII. This was after President Roosevelt proposed that it was distinctly through it that the country would accomplish triumph against its adversaries (Truman, 2014). As indicated by the commentator, the nuclear bomb episode is as yet questionable to date. This is clear by the enormous number of Non-western just as European history specialists who are as yet attempting to dissect the nuclear bomb issue. Since this is a historiography, the analyst starts of by characterizing the term. As indicated by contemplates, the term historiography typically alludes to the examining of the history behind the historical backdrop of an occasion. The analyst sorted out the work in a sequential request, thus making it simple to understand the whole theme. This is on the grounds that in the wake of expressing that she would break down crafted by four students of history, in the accompanying sections, she discusses various creators corresponding to their recognitions to the extent the issue of the nuclear bomb is concerned. To start with, the analyst discusses Kayoko Yoshida’s article, From Atomic Fragments to Memories of the Trinity Bomb: A Bridge of Oral History over the Pacific. Kayoko, aside from investigating the significance behind trans-media, he additionally examinations the transnational coordinated efforts behind the nuclear bomb (Yoshida, 2003). In a transition to get firsthand data concerning the issue of the nuclear bomb, aside from meeting narrative creators, he additionally includes his understudies; this was in a transition to get various recognitions on how the Japanese people group saw the nuclear bomb i ssue. The explanation with regards to why Kayako includes various sources in his examination is because of the observation that history specialists should have strong proof so as to help their cases. In his article, aside from tending to a movie producer whose goal is to remember the history, he additionally asserts that numerous Japanese understudies in the present age do not understand at all on the purpose for the

Best Book Blogs for Avid Readers

Best Book Blogs for Avid Readers For those of us lost in the world of fiction, the question will always be, What should I read next? To that end, we search the depths of second-hand bookstores. We scour our local libraries, or the Amazon best-seller list and recommended purchases. We do this not simply to find a book that we will enjoy, but almost always to find a novel which strikes the same spark in our heart as the last masterpiece (the one which has now been read so often and so thoroughly that the pages have come loose in their binding).To that end, Silent Book Club, Bookanista and Book Smugglers are here to help. These three websites scratch the itch of the endlessly-reading reader; and they provide more than just a blog â€" they provide a cozy community of fellow readers.Silent Book ClubSilent Book Club is a website for readers like us (often introverted, sometimes too introverted) to come together and discuss their current favorite novels, and to find the next piece of fiction that really blows us away. The website boasts more than thirty active chapters, from London, England to Nagoya, Japan, which come together (usually monthly) to discuss their latest read. Silent Book Club has an active Facebook group, and they post regularly on Instagram and Twitter.For those of us with our fingers on the pulse of the book world, Silent Book Clubs use of social media is indispensable. It keeps its readers up to date on events, meetups and attractions in the world of reading and publishing. Still, the book club is growing, and though it has already stretched worldwide, the presence of a chapter in your hometown might be lacking. No matter! Silent Book Club will help you set up your own official chapter, and help you create a new tradition (your own personal meetup) in your neighborhood.This all seems too good to be true, and of course, cynical minds immediately begin whirring: we ask questions about where the site finds its profits, or what supports this community. The answer is that they run a sma ll merchandise shop, and those proceeds go toward supporting volunteers, which keep the whole community running smoothly. Its a cute little e-shop with a selection of kitschy bookmarks, postcards and handbags (and, of course, the occasional book).Other than these optional purchases to support the community, all the services offered by the silent book club are free of charge. In fact, without even submitting an e-mail address, you can browse their calendar of meetups and find the one nearest you. This great community provides the opportunity, without commitment, for us to crawl out of our favorite arm-chair (the one we sunk into years ago and have now fortified with a particular side-table for our tea, an arm upon which the cat perches, and a bag at the side filled with knitting projects).On top of this call to action, to bring us out to the meetups, the silent book club boasts a warm blog: a welcome resource for readers. Each article is written by volunteers from the various silent book club chapters, and if you start your own chapter, then you can contribute to the blog yourself. Though often insightful, because of the volunteer nature of the contributions, updates are sporadic â€" sometimes they come too fast to keep up with, and other times lag to only a single update each month. Still, when the articles are posted, they offer unique insight into the author of the post, and that writers book club.One recent article, written by the organizer of the Portland, Maine chapter, gives a wonderful overview of influential poets throughout the years. It was written for poetry month and includes excerpts by which to judge each of the poets, and gauge ones interest before delving more deeply into their works.Most articles discuss comfortable topics like what to read next and offer insightful critiques written on new works of fiction. Others delve into matters of political interest, in the reading and writing world. For example, a short series of posts called Read the W orld, gives details about historical publishing in nations and geographic areas, and suggests where one might begin if they want to explore the fiction of a certain area. Further still, other posts discuss the rise of audiobooks, and their place in the silent book club; they give details on how to host your own silent book club, and what makes the meetups successful. Other articles address the We Will Not Be Silent campaign, which offers a toolbox to activists, as well as hard-hitting subjects such as the effect of literature on children and on developing minds.Finally, I have personally found Silent Book Clubs presence on Facebook to be incredibly beneficial. The core Facebook group @silentbookclub is one resource: it offers updates on all the events which the silent book club promotes, and it helps us introverts look ahead to getting out of the house (and plan out our busy week so we can make time for the meetups); it brings book news like releases and author interviews convenient ly into our Facebook feed; and it gives the opportunity (without being pushy) to participate in demonstrations or political activism.Beyond this core group, however, are a network of smaller silent book club groups, one for each chapter. These are usually beyond amazing. Just by making a quick search in Facebook, I stumbled on three silent book club chapters, all with very active Facebook groups. One was in my home city, and each of the other two were within quick driving distance. These sub-communities are the result of the natural branching and expanding of a good idea. Like a good book, readers know that a good idea should be shared.BookanistaThe writers at Bookanista.com refer to their site as a web magazine (as opposed to a blog). This professional demeanour isnt simply a pretentious grab for new readers: their posts are closer to scholarly journal entries than the topical discussions of many bloggers, and they take a deep dive into each discussion.That being said, its less lik ely that youll find a new read in a quick skim of Bookanista. The themes and discussions on the site are often much wider, addressing issues of mental illness and gender in novels, and delving into ideas such as ambiguity in writing, and the pitfalls of considering everyone who writes a poem, a poet. With an archive stretching back to 2015, and an extensive collection of short stories and extracts, Bookanista has content to spare. There is bound to be something on the site which snags any readaholics imagination, and because of their reputation, Bookanista is often one of the first sites to get review copies and exclusive excerpts from new authors.Similarly, if you are the kind of reader who devours all the works of an author before moving on, but youve run out of your favorite writers works, then Bookanista might be able to find you a new literary love. Their author interviews are a source of insight into the latest trends in publishing and up-coming novels. They often obscure the work itself in favor of addressing the authors method, or their stylistic choices. Rather than attempt to describe the works of each author, they let the novels and short stories speak for themselves, publishing short pieces of fiction alongside interviews and articles. Everything on Bookanista is free, and well worth a look.The Book SmugglersTheBookSmugglers.com describe themselves as, A book review blog specializing in speculative fiction and popgeekery for all ages since 2008; A digital-first publisher of speculative fiction and nonfiction since 2014; the 2017 Hugo Nominee for best Semiprozine; and a duo of awesomely badass book nerds. Their blog posts focus on new works, but especially science fiction and fantasy. For those looking for their next great read, their current headlining article is a piece called X Marks the Story, which seeks to pair the reader with excellent short fiction, to hopefully bridge the gap between great novels.On top of their blog, the book smugglers are a publishing house with a focus on digital press. They offer book reviews for newly published novels, and support authors by showing off full and partial works on their site, in addition to longer works published by the book smuggler online imprint.Like Bookanista, the book smugglers host a collection of short fiction on their site in a section called Gods and Monsters. This section is worth a quick look, and if you are a fantasy or science fiction buff, it warrants a much longer look. The short stories included in Gods and Monsters are each written by different authors, but always play with similar themes. From religion, to humanity, to serial killers or werewolves, each story is focussed on gods and monsters, either literally or figuratively (or both). Just a quick glance at this portion of the site will find you in the company of dozens of well-polished, professionally edited shorter fictions.The wider communityThe blogs discussed here are not where these communities end. Silent book club, Bookanista and The Book Smugglers have a network of readers which place an emphasis on doing. Each of these sites is concerned with getting out of your chair and making change alongside like-minded individuals â€" or just on getting out of the house and swapping books with new friends. To this end, Silent Book Club is anything but silent within the Twitterverse. They have cultivated a massive network of friendships, bringing together dozens of sites, each with a similar attitude towards reading. Each of these three excellent blogs boast very active Twitter handles. Silent Book Club at @readwinerepeat, @bookanista, and @booksmugglers bring together a wealth of related content and inspiring images. Browsing through their combined Twitter profiles is a sure method to link a reader to a community in their geographic area, or a cause which interests them and brings them out of their shell. We all have something which gets us fired up and out of the house, and these communitie s provide valuable links to those places and people which help to establish communities of readers.In short, reading can be isolating, but it can also be the bridge of shared experience that brings like-minded individuals together in service of a cause, or to discuss the matters which are important to us. Getting out of our arm chair may be a bit uncomfortable, but so long as it means a quiet read, with those who had to struggle out of their own comfy armchair; and as long as it means a glass of good wine, and the presence of good companions; as long as the silent book club, Bookanista and the book smugglers are asking these things of us, I think we can find some time to meet in the real world (or at the very least on twitter), even if it is only to discuss the fictional worlds we love.

George Washington s Accomplishments, His Failures, And...

George Washington as President In 1789, an event that would change and mark the start of using something new was the inauguration for the United States 1st president. Everyone in America celebrated this event because it had finally made us feel like we had things in order and our government was progressing. George Washington was too fond of the idea of being president, but the public summons him to become president. In this paper I going to discuss George Washington’s accomplishments, his failures, and how it effected the federalist. George Washington must have had some idea of how to run a country and keep everyone together if the public begged and pleaded for him to run a president. To build up accreditation, in 1748 around the age of sixteen Washington joined the army of the U.S., he was sent to assess what the strategy the French had used to capture the Ohio River Valley. Another great achievement of Washington was that he was able to be elected to run in office for the second time in 1793. Washington was becoming irritated and refused to run a third term and assured that he would not. Once Washington was in office he organized the very first United States Cabinet and the Executive Branch. His first cabinet included Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury, Henry Know as Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph as Attorney General. The formation of the United States federal judiciary system was even done by Washington. GeorgeShow MoreRelatedExploring Corporate Strateg y - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend this linking of theory and practice further by analysing the strategic issues of speciï ¬ c organisations in much greater depth

Effects of Media on Communication - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1160 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2018/12/17 Category Media Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Television Essay Did you like this example? The way in which people interact with mass media play a significant role in shaping the language they use when communicating. In the context of my writing my speech, I will refer to a primary source 10 ways television has changed the way we talk. The task in consideration will explore the nature of the course though presenting views on the effects of television and mass media on the way people communicate. To be in a position of exploring the quality of the course in a detailed manner, positive and negative impacts of television sets and way people communicate will be reflected in the speech. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effects of Media on Communication" essay for you Create order Specifically, the speech is aimed at addressing the whole world at large, but precisely the conversation will refer to people who spend most of their time listening to new rappers as they play a significant role in making the artist prevail in the modern society. Logically the speech will connect the effects of media on language. Though defining the impacts of media on language, the speech will serve as a platform in which people can shape their language skills. Effects of media on language Media plays a significant role in developing the language that people use to communicate with each other. Human beings are adaptive implying that they have a tendency of adapting to their immediate environment and things taking place around them. The life that many people lead in California is engulfed with spending most of their time watching television. The television sets air music of the upcoming artist, which in most cases does not have an appealing message to the audience. Having noted that the music played on the television sets does not contain a positive message on the audience, it will be advisable for people to stop listening and encouraging upcoming rap artists, instead, they should be listening to rap that has real meaning. A good number of rappers in the current world are composing rap music that is campaigning for drug use, guns and high life. The language used to address the noted society features is in most cases vulgar language. Frequent listening to music composed in a vulgar language makes the listener of the music start communicating with the same language used in the music. The overall effect of listening to current rap music is that the affected people will develop a tendency of communicating using the same language they get exposed to in the music they listen. Even though listening to such rap music is associated with negative implication to the members of the society, it can contribute to high levels of appreciation of modern form communication thus not all rap music should be shunned from the society. Having stipulated the direction in which rap music can take the society in the current world, it serves great importance mention that the major objective of the speech is convincing people all over the world to have a better direction of choosing what type rap music they listen or watch from their television sets. As noted in the introduction section of the essay human beings are social beings who tend to adopt a life the kind of life of activities that are currently taking place around them. Frequent watching the television subject an individual to facing various communications improvements that are associated with both negative and positive effects on the individual in question. Together with the noted effects of rap music on communication, when exposed to frequent watching the television sees to it that a change of the way people use communication devices in the process of presenting their speech to the audience. A survey conducted on effects of television sets on language ind icates that TV was having negative impact on young people by making them adapt use a foul language when communicating. With the growth of technology, people are being introduced to jargon language that has in turn messed up the way in which communication in the current society is taking shape. It calls for an individual to be conversant with the utilization of Jargon language for him or her to fit in the current world of communication. Many people hold the belief that TV makes people sound the same. The ideology, however, holds no validity in that different television presenters make use of various speech patterns and dialects forms (John, n.p). Despite the facts that television makes people adapt varying communication methods, television does play a role defining how words and expressions become part of our dictionary. Frequent utilization of certain words in television makes people develop an insight of the definite meaning of the word thus aiding in improving the usage of the vocabulary in the sense of communicating. Together with the issue of television affecting communication in a social setting, other aspects play a significant role shaping the way people communicate. Specifically, culture and context play a significant role in shaping language and meaning. Starting with cultural aspects, it can be argued that under certain beliefs, an individual can choose to use a specific type of communicating devices that cannot be used to address a different cultural group. For instance, there is some form of communication that an individual cannot use to address elderly people in society while the same communication type can be used to address another audience effectively. On the other hand, the context in which an individual communicate defines clear stipulations of what direction communication will take (Cai, Shaohan Minjoon Jun, p.15). In context, it is vital mentioning that the circumstances in which a message is delivered play a vital role in defining the way in which a speaker presents his speech to the audience. For instance, while addressing an audience of teens, it is advisable to utilize the words that the teens like using. Using such a tactic makes the youth feel appreciated thus their attention is ensured though out the communication. Media has played a significant role in shaping the way in which people communicate. The effect on press on communications bears both negative and positive implications on the society. Some of the most conspicuous ways in which the media has affected the way people communicate are introducing slang language, improving the language people use, there has been the introduction of acronyms that have in turn facilitated the way in which people compose short-form writing. The presented facts depicts that media has played a significant role in shaping the way in which people communicate by either introducing new ideologies or demoting the process of communication. Even though the mass media has played the stipulated roles in seeing to it improved communication, some forms of media should be decided wisely since they introduce negative implications on the way people communicate. Works Cited Cai, Shaohan, and Minjoon Jun. Relationship between Information Richness and Exchange Outcomes: Moderating Effects of Media Richness and Governance Mechanisms. International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management (IJISSCM) 8.1 (2015): 1-21. John Perritan. 10 Ways Television Has Changed The Way We Talk

Key Logistics Activities and Technologies Related to Logistics Free Essays

string(30) " an inventory control system\." Introduction Logistics play a major role in our life. Most of the people might not be aware of the importance of logistics until there are problems appear. Under the pressure of arising competitive environment, most of the business entities are initiated to focus on the development of logistics. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Logistics Activities and Technologies Related to Logistics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Logistics can be said as the transfers of goods and services from the point of origin to the point of consumptions effectively and efficiently in order to meet the requirement of the customers (Logistics World, n. d. ). Logistics include the distributions of raw materials, in-progress inventories, finished goods and other related information. Successful logistics enable the business entities to deliver the goods and services consistently to the correct customers on time. Based on the question given, I do not agree with the statements saying that ‘logistics is nothing more than getting goods from one point to another’. Logistics covered much more aspects and involved a lot other activities other than what the statement above mentioned. There are still many different types of activities in logistics such as customer services, inventory management, material handling and packaging, order processing, procurement and et cetera. On the other hand, in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of logistics management, a variety of solutions and technology advancements had been introduced to the business market. The literature below will review the other activities and the technologies improvement for logistics (Stock Lambert, 2000). Key logistics activities One of the activities involved in logistics is the customer service. Stock Lambert (2000) stated customer service is â€Å"a customer oriented philosophy that integrates and manages all elements of the customer interface within a predetermined optimum cost-service mix† (p. 4). To design a logistics system, companies should always start with setting a strong and clear customer service objective. Without having a common objective for everyone in the company, decisions about order strategies, production, transportation, inventory investment, and warehousing will not be consistent and effective. Customer service objective acts as guidelines for the logistics managers in setting up targets of their performance as well as making decisions when they encounter problems in the future. Logistics play an important role in ensuring high customer satisfaction. Getting the right product to the customers under the right condition, at the right place and the right time, as well as with the right cost are the main criteria for achieving a high customer satisfaction (Stock Lambert, 2000). For example, Kraft Foods Incorporate make sure their customers get the right products they ordered at the right time and right place regardless of whether the customers are at the hypermarket in France or a cafe in Sweden (Kraft Foods, n. . ). Other that the five rights, excellent customer services also need to make sure the order and return processes are convenient to customers. The company needs to provide accurate and consistent information to customer by selling the products and services that are worth for the price. Lastly, they need to deliver the products and services on time. By providing the best customer service and fulfilling all the five ‘right’ criteria, company will be able create higher customer satisfaction and therefore gaining competitive advantage. When customers are satisfied with the products and services provided by company, they will most likely become the loyal customers and support the products and services from the company in long term scenario (Stock Lambert, 2000). Besides that, Banning Gibson indicate loyal customers can act as one of the advertising medium by conveying positive messages and comments to their friends and family (Banning Gibson, n. d. ). In that way, the market share and profitability of the company will increase and at the same time the total costs of logistics also will reduce. Other than that, inventory management is also one of the activities under logistics. In the industries now, most of the company will hold inventory to achieve economies of scale. Company usually purchase and transport all inventory at once to reduce their cost. This is because purchase in a huge amount will reduce the cost of per-unit price while having a full truckload shipment will reduce the cost of per-unit transportation. Then, company will also choose to have a greater plant capacity so that the per-unit manufacturing cost will be lower. However, holding inventory contributed a significant amount of expenses to the companies due to high storage costs, capital cost, service cost, risk cost, and some of the product can be obsolescence in short time. Therefore, the company might try to minimize the expenses by reducing the amount of inventory without interrupting the flow of the products to the customers. Since there is conflict between economies of scale with handling and warehousing costs, companies need to find a suitable way to balance of these two criteria. For instances, company can use Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) to determine the best amount of inventory to order (Stock Lambert, 2000). The objective of every inventory planner is controlling the inventory they hold to meet the exact amount of customers’ demand. This is because either excess or shortage of inventory will bring up significant costs to the business affecting the operation and opportunities of the business (Management Study Guide, n. d. ). In addition to that, raw materials and parts, work-in-process, and finished goods inventories are required to be considered. These inventories require sufficient physical space, capital, and personnel time to maintain and pile up. A successful inventory management will determine the amount of inventory necessitate to meet the demand of customers and at the same time consider the costs needed to put in the logistic activities. Besides that, excellent inventory management can increase the cash flow and return on investment. Nowadays, many companies start paying more attention to inventory control especially on the products that can become obsolete in short time, such as high-tech merchandise, automobiles, and seasonal goods (Stock Lambert, 2000). For example, in April 2005, Mazda Motor Corporation comes out with its Mazda Materials Management Planning (M3P) which is an inventory control system. You read "Key Logistics Activities and Technologies Related to Logistics" in category "Essay examples" The system of M3P improved inventory levels, enhanced the speed of supply, and ensure the Mazda’s retail and service operations are smooth all the time. Other than that, M3P also brings benefits to customer such as providing better customer service and shorten the length of responding time (Mazda, 2005). Furthermore, logistics need to take care of the material handling and packaging in the company. Material handling takes part in managing the flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, and finished goods inside a warehouse. The costs of firm will increase for each and every item handled. Since handling the item will not increase the value of a product but incur more costs to the company, company should always try to reduce the number of material handling wherever possible by decreasing the inventory. Then, materials handling design the plan to reduce distance travelled of the materials and minimize the work-in-process of the materials. Other than that, material handling makes sure the materials can flow through the process consistently without having troubles. Lastly, material handling will find ways to decrease the possibility of getting losses from breakage, waste and spoilage (Stock Lambert, 2000). On the other hand, packaging is the process of getting the container and wrapper to hold the products (Reference for Business, n. d. ). In logistics aspect, packaging of the products can act as a barrier to prevent the products from getting damaged during transportation of the products or storing the products. Furthermore, product with appropriate packaging is easier to be move or store. However, packaging will add up space and weights subsequently incur more cost. Thus, many people in this area always spend time in thinking ways to reduce to space and weight of the products after packaging (Stock Lambert, 2000). A successful packaging strategy can help a firm to strengthen its competitive advantages such as optimizes service, cost, and become more convenient (Learn Marketing, n. d. ). When a product go international, the packaging will becomes more important to a company. The products are required to travel more distances and need more physically handling if compare to domestic packaging (Stock Lambert, 2000). Additionally, order processing is taken to account when discussing about the activities of logistics. Order processing is the  process or work flow that starts with the receipt order from customer, followed by verifying the order status and communicate about the order with customer, while lastly making order and ensure the availability of the products to satisfy customer’s needs (Jetef, n. d. ). Order processing can divide into three groups. The first group is the operational elements, including order shipping, setting preparation, order entry, scheduling, and invoicing. Next group is the communication elements, for example, order status inquiries, order modification, error correction, tracing and expediting, and product information requests. The last group of order processing is the credit and collection elements, such as accounts receivable processing and credit checking. The quality and speed of the information flow provided by company during the order processing to their customers can affect the cost and the efficiency of the entire operation. If the information flows are slow and erratic, the company will not only suffer from decreasing in customer, but also increasing transportation, inventory, and warehousing costs. The faster and more accurate the service the company can provide, the greater the customers satisfaction obtained by the company. Information system today can help in order processing by making the time of order processing to become shorter between order placement and product shipment. For example, customers’ order can be placed and sent to the company’s computer directly by using electronic data interchange (EDI). Decision support system (DSS), quick response (QR), efficient consumer response (ECR) and et cetera are other information system that can help the company to improve order processing and achieve customer service goals at competitive cost. Information system not only helps company to improve its speed, quality, and accuracy of order processing, but also help company to save some logistics expenses like transportation and inventory while boosting up the sales (Stock Lambert, 2000). Finally, the last activity of logistics that this literature will discuss is procurement. Procurement is the effective purchasing of goods and services to make sure the manufacturing and logistics processes of the firm are run in effectiveness. In order for the company to ensure them to obtain the supplies that can meet their requirement in terms of time, location, quality and quantity, the company is required to procure suitable goods and services (Procurement, n. d. ). The procurement function includes supplier selection, determination of the form of material to acquire, purchasing time, pricing and quality control. According to WiseGEEK, while â€Å"procurement logistics are the processes used in the delivery, receipt, movement and storage of materials purchased for a business or organization†. The goals of procurement are to minimize the costs at the same time increase the service provided (WiseGEEK, n. d. ). In the purchasing process, the most important task is to choose the best supplier from all the potential vendors. The purchasing process is complicated. Decision makers and decision influencers from decision making unit (DMU) need to go through twelve steps of buying process when purchasing items from supplier. If company is doing routine buying, then some of the steps can be skipped (Stock Lambert, 2000). When making purchasing decision, DMU also need to consider the number of orders, lead time requirements, delivery expectations, product reliability, drop-off locations and others. All of the final price of products should be including transportation and storage cost. Company can usually try to minimize these hidden costs by requesting just-in-time delivery from supplier (WiseGEEK, n. d. ). In short, paying enough attention o the management of purchasing cost as well as the evaluation of purchasing performance can lead to increasing profitability of a company (Stock Lambert, 2000). Technologies related to logistics Due to an increase in attention paid on the logistics, experts started to develop more and more ways to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of logistics through acquiring the technologies. One of the most significant improvements made by technology is the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) (Stock Lambert, 2000). EDI is the exchange of business messages and information through computers of the trading partners via communication cables with standard protocols and standard data formats (EasyLink Services, n. d. ). For example, EDI can be used when there are purchase orders. Organizations are able to make a purchase order with their suppliers through computers. EDI is more convenient for the organizations as the usage of internet are more and more common (Stock Lambert, 2000). According to GXS, there are a few advantages of using EDI in logistics. EDI will transform most of the paper works into electronic base. Many of the procedures can be done automatically and quickly through the advancement of technologies. Therefore, the time taken to complete the process will be reduces significantly. It promotes the efficiency of the organizations which leads to the increase of productivity. Besides, EDI replaced human to key in the data of the organizations routinely. When there are less human works, the probability of getting error in data entry will be reduced drastically or even eradicated. Furthermore, the data transferred among the computers are using the standard and same formats. This ensures that the data transferred to the receivers will be analyzed accurately and correctly. Thus, the communication error between the sender and receiver is diminished. The diminished in error will subsequently raise the efficiency of the organizations as well since there are less likely for the organizations to repeat the procedures and make corrections on the mistakes (GXS, n. d. ). In addition to that, EDI can also increase the accuracy of inventory and reduce the cycle time and thus reduce the cost of inventory. In such, EDI increases the productivity while reducing the costs as well. With the development of the internet, EDI is free if it flows through the internet instead of VAN. Many major companies such as NASA Goddard, UNISYS and AVEX Electronics are now using EDI supported by the internet (Stock Lambert, 2000). Bar coding is another technology advancement that contributes to the improvement of logistics. Bar coding are commonly use in our daily life such as the products in supermarket. Bar codes are a row of parallel bars distanced with a number of gaps with different width. They able to convey different messages in the form of letters, numbers and special characters based on the array of gaps between the bars. A beam of light is used to interpret the information of the bar codes and sent it to the computers. These codes are used mainly on tracking and security purposes. They are important in decreasing the probability of errors compare to key in the information manually. Statistics showed that the bar codes error rate is one out of hundred thousand while the error rate of manually key in data is one out of thirty. It had clearly showed that the error rate had been improved significantly (Stock Lambert, 2000). In relation to the bar codes, as said by Lyne, Quick Respond (QR) codes from Japan are also introduced to the society. QR codes is a two dimensional barcodes that normally stored with specific links contained with extra information. QR codes are named because it can be scanned quickly even with the smart phones that installed with QR codes reader. It is convenient for the consumers to obtain certain information about the products since it does not required a specific code reader device just like that bar code reader. Furthermore, QR codes able to store more variety of information instead of letters, numbers and special characters only such as url links and geo coordinates. QR codes are enable the customer to know about the product details, contact details, coupons or event a link to YouTube video for further information (Lyne, 2009). For instance, the product code, manufacturing history, expiration date and other data can be encoded in the QR codes. Coca-cola had used this feature in their logistics management at Chukyo. They are able to check for the quality and track the products easily using QR codes (Sundaramurthy, n. d. ). Management Information System (MIS) is also one of the technologies used to improve logistics. A successful MIS is able to provide sufficient and relevant information for the managers in order to make an effective decision. There are five areas that MIS need to fulfil which are the timing, accuracy, relevance, completeness and consistency (Office of the Comptroller of Currency, 1995). MIS should be able to provide the latest and current information using the shortest time. The information collected should be checked buy auditors as well as ensuring the information is useful. Unwanted information need to be filtered and the relevant information need to be summarize completely. Lastly, the method in processing and compiling the information need to be consistent so that the manager will not misunderstand the information. MIS is important in logistics for collecting, analyzing and interpreting the information from various aspects such as the suppliers, resources, transportation and so on. MIS can make sure there is no interruption n the supply chain. A well managed MIS allowed the organizations to control every detail in different region in a faster time (Stock Lambert, 2000). In real example, World Health Organization need to have an uninterrupted supply of drugs through the supply chain to ensure the increasing number of HIV/AIDS patients are able to get their treatment (World Health Organization, n. d. ). How to cite Key Logistics Activities and Technologies Related to Logistics, Essay examples

Public Versus Private Education in Primary †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Public Versus Private Education in Primary. Answer: Introduction Private schools are the independent schools that are not aided by the government and are funded totally by the students. There are some private schools, where a student might get access to education free of cost, but that mainly depend on the academic excellence of the individual students (Ruban 2012). In this paper a literature review has been provided exploring about different private schools across the world and why the Emirati families choose to send their children to private schools. According to Ball (2017) government schools do not provide special facilities to the students in terms of education. Government schools sometimes do not have proper laboratory facilities for the science students. Since, government has to fund the entire spending for the school; all the aspects related to the infrastructure and advanced facilities might not be addressed. Since government have to aid a large number of schools it becomes very difficult for them to reach the perfection. Furthermore, government schools provide education to different classes of people irrespective of the socio economic status of the students (Klugman 2012). Students coming from wealthier families might not find it suitable to mix up with the students coming from low socio economic background, which leads the parents to admit their children in the private schools. Each and every parent want that their children to get the best, including success, safety, healthcare and love. Most of these parameters are based on good education. As per the bureau of Labor statistics, graduation rate is inversely proportional to the murder and the assaults rate. Education can be perceived both from government funded institutions or private institutions. Nowadays the education is not cheap. According to the reports by Hvidman and Andersen (2013) public college education costs nearly $100, 00 for a student who are likely to attend public schools. In spite of the increasing amount of financial burden, people are daunting towards the private schools with the hope of getting advanced education. Iqbal (2012) has argued that there is not much difference between the academic levels of the government schools and the private schools and has also cited examples that the eight grade math and the fourth grade readings were just a wash. According to Klugman (2012) most of the effects of the private school education are influenced by the family decisions and motivations. According to Lubienski and Lubienski (2013) families of the students studying in the public schools can at least question the authorities regarding the licensing and the certification of the teachers, as most of the teachers are appointed on the basis of a level of teaching quality, whereas in the private schools there are no such rules regarding the appointment of the teachers (Lubienski and Lubienski 2013). Private schools in the UAE Most of the Emirati schools are bestowed with Islamic values other than the western culture. Emirati families can want their child to be acquainted with other cultures and thus choose to send their children to private schools (Hvidman and Andersen 2013). The general, socio economic status of most of the Emirati families are quite good, which leads them to opt for private schools with better facilities. Some private schools have much advanced extracurricular facilities like provision for games such as soccer, basket balls, and dance classes, swimming classes, interactive clubs and more. It can be easily said that public schools will not be able to give their students with such a varied number of facilities other than studies (Mazawi 2017). The Emiratis often face problems with the English language as in most of the Islamic schools, Arabic is used as the medium of instruction and the curriculum is mainly based on the Islamic values (Mazawi 2017). Since, English is an accepted language all over the world and is the medium of instruction for all the official work, knowledge of this language is necessary. According to Ruban (2012) most of the Emirati schools are incapable of providing proper English education. Hence, this can be one of th e important factors which drive the Emirati families towards private schools. According to Mazawi (2017) private schools in Abu Dhabi had outperformed the government schools in several aspects. According to the reports, private school parents have a higher viewpoint about the school quality than the public school parents, in terms of school climate, student learning and school-parent relationships. According to the study conducted by Mckinnon et al. (2013) the cognitive achievement scores of the students in comparison with the students from the public schools have been proven to be higher. In terms of math and science subject the achievement advantage is found to be higher in the private schools in UAE. According to the study conducted by Mckinnon et al. (2013) the cognitive achievement scores of the students in comparison with the students from the public schools have been proven to be higher. In terms of math and science subject the achievement advantage is found to be higher in the private schools in UAE. The national statistics of UAE shows that private schools in UAE have increased from 168 to 473 since 1982 to 2011(Mazawi 2017). Reports show that in the last five years the number of students in the private schools has increased drastically. According to Mckinnon et al. (2013) the two factors that are driving the Emirati parents to admit their wards in private schools can be listed as The influence of the school ambience As per the parents feedback, the private school climates are much healthier than that of the government schools as the parents donate a large amount of money as the tuition fees. Focus on the science subjects- Private schools generally follow an international curriculum that is accepted worldwide and generally emphasize on the pedagogy of science teaching. On the other hand the public schools are mainly based on Islamic teachings and virtues and focus less on science topics (Mckinnon et al. 2013). Conclusion It cannot be said that government schools are not capable of giving proper education to the students, as academic performances depend upon the merit of a persona and not on the type of the school. It can be definitely said that private school cater to the overall development of the child apart from the studies. References Ball, S.J., 2007.Education plc: Understanding private sector participation in public sector education. Routledge. Hvidman, U. and Andersen, S.C., 2013. Impact of performance management in public and private organizations.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,24(1), pp.35-58. Iqbal, M., 2012. Public versus private secondary schools: A qualitative comparison.Journal of Research and Reflections in Education,6(1), pp.40-49. Klugman, J., 2012. How resource inequalities among high schools reproduce class advantages in college destinations.Research in Higher Education,53(8), pp.803-830. Lubienski, C.A. and Lubienski, S.T., 2013.The public school advantage: Why public schools outperform private schools. University of Chicago Press. Mazawi, A. ed., 2017.World Yearbook of Education 2010:" Education and the Arab'World': Political Projects, Struggles, and Geometries of Power". Routledge. McKinnon, M., Barza, L. and Moussa-Inaty, J., 2013. Public versus private education in primary science: The case of Abu Dhabi schools.International Journal of Educational Research,62, pp.51-61. Ruban, N.A.B.H., 2012. United Arab Emirates.TIMSS 2011 Encyclopedia, p.961.

The Devils Highway free essay sample

Urrea is an author who wrote a book based on an investigative report concerning the twenty six men who attempted to cross the Mexican border in 2001. This deadly desert and fascinating book is titled â€Å"The Devil’s Highway†. Many souls that attempted to cross this died whether it was for pleasure or for opportunity. Both intentions ended in tragedy. The Devil’s highway is known to have evil spirits known from the Indian culture such as the coyote spirit and the evil witch. The desert contained nocturnal animals that are â€Å"poisonous and alien† such as: sidewinders, rattlesnakes, coral snakes, Gila monsters, killer bees, scorpions, giant centipedes, black widows, tarantulas etc. The main obstacle that stood in all the illegal immigrants way was the heat. The heat most definitely killed almost anyone who stepped foot on the desert. They never had enough water. Even the people who went to the desert just to sit and relaxed were cooked up in the heat because they didn’t have enough water with them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Devils Highway or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this deadly dessert, the border lines are observed, inspected and secured by the border patrol. The border line is divided into sectors known as Tucson and Yuma. Urrea’s view of the border patrol is not so much as negative or positive. He describes it in a way where he portrays that they’re â€Å"just doing their job†. The border patrol played cruel jokes on the illegal immigrants such as: throwing the dead snake to scare them. Illegal immigrants made the choice to cross the devil’s highway because they believed it wasn’t as highly patrolled as other areas are. The process of crossing this desert is actually more than you think. A group who decides to go all at once meet with the person of their hometown who obviously has knowledge about crossing the border. This man’s name is Don Moi and he is known as a recruiter. He will gather information and contact and recruit more people. The immigrants who want to cross are guided by people who know the route and the process and these people are known as coyotes. Before most of this process takes place, immigrants gather most of their money and even take out loans to pay the coyotes to guide them through the deadly desert. The coyote who led the twenty six men in 2001 is Jesus Ramos (a. k. a. Mendez). Fourteen of the illegal immigrants he led died in the desert in attempt to cross the border. These men were known as Yuma 14. Who is ultimately responsible for the death of Yuma 14? Urrea creates a balance of blame on the Mendez and the desert itself. If Mendez hadn’t drifted into a different route, the Yuma 14 could’ve possibly survived along with the other twelve. But the desert’s heat is what killed all fourteen. Dehydration had gotten to them all. Mendez in the end did not give a good impression at all. He had taken all the money of the ones who had survived along with him. He reassured that he would get them their water and that they could wait where they were for him. Instead he took one person along with him and all of the money and that portrayed the selfishness he has within. He was willing to risk other’s lives just so he can survive. I think Urrea believes it is Mendez’s responsibility for the men who died known as Yuma 14. Towards the end of the chapter, Urrea adds in Mendez’s letter. In the letter, he states, By way of this letter, I ask forgiveness and pardon for what happened in the Arizona desert, because I really am sorry from the bottom of my heart for what happened and it honestly wasn’t my intention to lead those people to their deaths. (Urrea 188) [quoted by: Mendez] This quote in Mendez’s letter is an apology. Therefore he already takes fault in the deaths of the Yuma 14. He led them in the wrong direction for a long time and they ran out energy and water. I don’t think Urrea would put the blame one the border patrol because he believes that the border patrol is just doing their job. The border patrol’s main focus is to save the people who are suffering trying to cross the desert. I believe the desert holds a lot more responsibility than the Mendez and the border patrol. Urrea goes into detail about hyperthermia. Hyperthermia has six stages—heat stress, heat fatigue, heat syncope, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. These stages most likely lead to the death of immigrants trying to cross the boder. Urrea also proves that even people who go there to relax end up dying. Urrea’s focus on the desert showed how frightening and deadly it can be. He has provided facts and stories about the desert. He describes the disturbing details of the men’s bodies after it’s been in the sun for so long. He tells us the cruel games the border patrol play and yet he tells us about how they want to save the lives, too. He even says that the border patrol is afraid to travel through the desert. He provides stories of other people who have crossed the cruel dessert and he tells about the lives of the people involved in this incident. I believe that it is the desert that holds responsibility for the lives of Yuma 14. The Devils Highway free essay sample Urrea is an author who wrote a book based on an investigative report concerning the twenty six men who attempted to cross the Mexican border in 2001. This deadly desert and fascinating book is titled â€Å"The Devil’s Highway†. Many souls that attempted to cross this died whether it was for pleasure or for opportunity. Both intentions ended in tragedy. The Devil’s highway is known to have evil spirits known from the Indian culture such as the coyote spirit and the evil witch. The desert contained nocturnal animals that are â€Å"poisonous and alien† such as: sidewinders, rattlesnakes, coral snakes, Gila monsters, killer bees, scorpions, giant centipedes, black widows, tarantulas etc. The main obstacle that stood in all the illegal immigrants way was the heat. The heat most definitely killed almost anyone who stepped foot on the desert. They never had enough water. Even the people who went to the desert just to sit and relaxed were cooked up in the heat because they didn’t have enough water with them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Devils Highway or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this deadly dessert, the border lines are observed, inspected and secured by the border patrol. The border line is divided into sectors known as Tucson and Yuma. Urrea’s view of the border patrol is not so much as negative or positive. He describes it in a way where he portrays that they’re â€Å"just doing their job†. The border patrol played cruel jokes on the illegal immigrants such as: throwing the dead snake to scare them. Illegal immigrants made the choice to cross the devil’s highway because they believed it wasn’t as highly patrolled as other areas are. The process of crossing this desert is actually more than you think. A group who decides to go all at once meet with the person of their hometown who obviously has knowledge about crossing the border. This man’s name is Don Moi and he is known as a recruiter. He will gather information and contact and recruit more people. The immigrants who want to cross are guided by people who know the route and the process and these people are known as coyotes. Before most of this process takes place, immigrants gather most of their money and even take out loans to pay the coyotes to guide them through the deadly desert. The coyote who led the twenty six men in 2001 is Jesus Ramos (a. k. a. Mendez). Fourteen of the illegal immigrants he led died in the desert in attempt to cross the border. These men were known as Yuma 14. Who is ultimately responsible for the death of Yuma 14? Urrea creates a balance of blame on the Mendez and the desert itself. If Mendez hadn’t drifted into a different route, the Yuma 14 could’ve possibly survived along with the other twelve. But the desert’s heat is what killed all fourteen. Dehydration had gotten to them all. Mendez in the end did not give a good impression at all. He had taken all the money of the ones who had survived along with him. He reassured that he would get them their water and that they could wait where they were for him. Instead he took one person along with him and all of the money and that portrayed the selfishness he has within. He was willing to risk other’s lives just so he can survive. I think Urrea believes it is Mendez’s responsibility for the men who died known as Yuma 14. Towards the end of the chapter, Urrea adds in Mendez’s letter. In the letter, he states, By way of this letter, I ask forgiveness and pardon for what happened in the Arizona desert, because I really am sorry from the bottom of my heart for what happened and it honestly wasn’t my intention to lead those people to their deaths. (Urrea 188) [quoted by: Mendez] This quote in Mendez’s letter is an apology. Therefore he already takes fault in the deaths of the Yuma 14. He led them in the wrong direction for a long time and they ran out energy and water. I don’t think Urrea would put the blame one the border patrol because he believes that the border patrol is just doing their job. The border patrol’s main focus is to save the people who are suffering trying to cross the desert. I believe the desert holds a lot more responsibility than the Mendez and the border patrol. Urrea goes into detail about hyperthermia. Hyperthermia has six stages—heat stress, heat fatigue, heat syncope, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. These stages most likely lead to the death of immigrants trying to cross the boder. Urrea also proves that even people who go there to relax end up dying. Urrea’s focus on the desert showed how frightening and deadly it can be. He has provided facts and stories about the desert. He describes the disturbing details of the men’s bodies after it’s been in the sun for so long. He tells us the cruel games the border patrol play and yet he tells us about how they want to save the lives, too. He even says that the border patrol is afraid to travel through the desert. He provides stories of other people who have crossed the cruel dessert and he tells about the lives of the people involved in this incident. I believe that it is the desert that holds responsibility for the lives of Yuma 14.

Listen to the Radio in French is Écouter la Radio

Listen to the Radio in French is Écouter la Radio Mistakes will always be made in French, and now you can learn from them. The verb  Ãƒ ©couter  does not need a preposition to connect it to the next word. So when youre listening to the radio or anything else in French, you would not add a preposition, as you would in English:      Jà ©coute la radio.   Im listening to the radio.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il aime à ©couter les discours. He likes listening to speeches.  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€°coutez la voix de la sagesse. Listen to the voice of reason.     Elle va te faire à ©couter un chanson.   Shes going to play you a song.       Verbs and Prepositions: To Add or Not To Add Many French verbs do need a preposition such  as or de- by far the most common- to connect them to the next verb and complete their meaning. Its this way in English, too; consider to look at and to take care of. But many of the most common French verbs, such as aller, croire, faire, falloir, penser, pouvoir, sentir, savoir, venir, voir and vouloir,  do not need a preposition at all and are usually in constructions that go directly from conjugated verb to infinitive or conjugated verb to direct object: no preposition   infinitive no preposition   direct object The confusion arises for English-language speakers when the prepositions required for French verbs are not the same as the ones required by their English equivalents, or when some verbs that require a preposition in English dont take one in French, and vice versa. couter Doesnt Need a Preposition Écouter  is one of those French verbs that are  not followed by a preposition whereas their English equivalents are.   The explanation? The French verb à ©couter means to listen to, which cancels the need to add another preposition. Beginners often mistakenly add after à ©couter, in effect saying to listen to to something. And that is a classic French learners mistake. Some French learners find it helpful to memorize lists of verbs by the prepositions they require, while others prefer a master list of  alphabetized verbs. Additional Resources How to Use French verbs with and without prepositions  Ã‚  List of correct prepositions that follow French verbs, if anyMost common French prepositionsFrench infinitives

Key Stylistic and Spatial Elements of Inigo Jones Interior Essay

Key Stylistic and Spatial Elements of Inigo Jones Interior - Essay Example Jones was educated in an environment that made him learn new drawing techniques that did not exist in Germany of his time. Due to the diversity in the background of various architects, their outputs have a significant variance. This essay seeks to present an evaluation of Inigo Jones’ work by focusing on spatial elements of his masterpieces. The analysis will be supported by the use of relevant examples. Inigo Jones Inigo Jones was the first Briton architect who contributed immensely to the architectural history. In most of his architectural designs he employed rules of proportionality and symmetry. This enabled him to be unique among his fellow architects, as his work was outstanding and revolutionary. Examples of buildings that he designed and supervised include Whitehall and Banqueting House, which are very important in tracing the history of changing trends in architecture (Worsley & Jones, 2007; Gerbino, Johnston, University of Oxford., & Yale Center for British Art, 2009 ). His passion in architecture was motivated by tours he made traveling around Italy where he studied Ruins of Roman buildings and Andrea Palladio’s works that contributed immensely to his understanding of architecture (Fazio et al., 2003). Palladio Design Palladio architectural style was named after the architect who contributed greatly to Roman architecture. ... Loggia’s ground floor was used for activities such as food preparation, laundry and storage. The left and right sections of this house comprised of symmetrical rooms, which could be used for studying, and official activities, as the owner deemed appropriate. The rooms varied in sizes and shapes, while the main shapes were rectangular and square. The middle part of the house contained the main living space that could be used by house owners and guests. The Palladio design facilitated implementation of security measures by house owners. In this case, it provided a design that did not partition the open loggia from enclosed rooms, thereby making it inaccessible to unauthorized outsiders. There was a wall that kept off authorized intruders from accessing specific areas that were used for storage of small things in the house. Moreover, these areas included rooms that offered accommodation rooms to servants, among other professions. The remaining areas of the compound were utilized for gardens, fishponds and orchards (Fazio et al., 2003). In Palladio design, all design elements had to be considered and at the same time to ensure their proportionality; in fact, these design shapes were kept as simple as possible. This was aimed at reducing error margins in his work, thus enhancing efficiency and effectiveness. As such, the output was very precise and thus provided ultimate satisfactions to clients. In ensuring the shapes and symmetry are adhered to, the shape of the land, position of water channels and roads were dictated. Orientation of the building also determined interior design, especially positioning of various rooms that were used for various activities. For instance, the

Andrew Jackson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Andrew Jackson - Essay Example On his defense of the rights of the Federal government during the Nullification Crisis of 1832, Jackson invoked his presidential powers to affirm the superiority of the federal constitution. 1Jackson declares that the responsibility 'imposed on him by the constitution" is to ensure that the laws are applied 'faithfully' as long as the execution of his duties is consistent with the authority 'emphatically pronounced in the constitution'. This contention delineates further Jackson's respect of the supremacy of the federal law which bestowed on him the authority to apply it objectively and fairly, making sure that he remains loyal to his obligations within legal bounds. Jackson is also unswerving on his perspective towards the role of the federal government as an overseer of the states. For him, South Carolina's illusory power to nullify a federal law is 'inconsistent with every principle on which [the union] was founded." Jackson's unwavering fidelity to fulfill his obligations as president and to put into practice the fed... This does not connote constraints on the freedom of the states but rather assert the duties of the federal government towards problems that fall beyond the bounds of the states' jurisdictions. 3Without this control, states' would effect its own policy towards the Indians which could result to more complications. Such policy makes it possible for the states and the national government to avoid collision. 4The prevention of this collision which purports to 'preserve the Union by all constitutional means" delineates Jackson's faith in federalism and the ideals he bestows in his office. 5This only shows that Jackson is ready to apply the full force of the law in order to protect the federal principles which for him form a part of a 'happy union.' In his response towards South Carolina's Nullification issue, he proclaims that he will 'recourse to force' to preserve the Union and views further opposition towards the national government's promulgation of the federal law a form of treason. However, this does not try to pit the state authorities against the national government but intends to fortify the federal institutions which all states subjected themselves to. As there had been other states in the past who aimed to weaken the federal institution by threatening to break away with the union, Jacks on's assertion of the power of the central government to bring to a halt these threats resulted to the strengthening of the fundamental system and avoided confrontations between the national government and the states. Jackson's decision not to renew the contract of the Bank of the United States further attested to his consistency in his obligations to the people

Application of LBM in Aerospace Industry

Application of LBM in Aerospace Industry INTRODUCTION: Requirement of precision components, complicated design, stringent standards and testing, unusual size of workpiece, restrictions in conventional machining processes has lead to development of advanced machining processes shortly AMP. In past few years, there were several AMPs developed such as electric discharge machining (EDM), electron beam machining, electrochemical machining, chemical machining processes (CMP), ultrasonic machining (USM), and jet machining processes abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, laser beam machining etc. Each of these AMPs has its limitations in workpiece material, shape etc. But LBM is the one of the AMPs where almost all material can be processed. One of major advantage of LBM is its ability to machine both conductive and non-conductive materials. Laser beam machining (LBM) is one of the most widely used thermal energy based non-contact type advance machining process which can be applied for almost whole range of materials. Laser beam is focused for melting and vaporizing the unwanted material from the parent material. As of now the major application on LBM is profile cutting of geometrically complex part and making miniature holes in sheetmetal. HISTORY OF LASER: In 1917, it was Albert Einstein who first told the world about the process called Stimulated Emission which makes the laser possible. In 1957, Gordon Gould, a Columbia University student designed the first laser device in his laboratory. However the first working laser (ruby laser) was found on 16th of May, 1960 by Dr. Theodore Maiman. This demonstration of ruby laser acted as entry door to this field. Till then lots and lots of researches have been done and various lasers were found. Some of major contributions and highlights are Gas laser which used helium and neon gases by Ali Javan during 1960, semi conductor laser by Gunther Fenner in 1962, CO2 laser by Kumar Patel on 1964, Nd-YAG laser by Geusic in 1964 etc. The first excimer laser was demonstrated in 1970 by Basov et ah and it was liquid xenon which was excited with a pulsed electron beam. The first commercial application of continuous wave CO2 lasers was made during 1967 by Western Electric and the first successful industrial application of laser cutting was die-board slotting. Whereas now, lasers have been into many areas such as aerospace, die and mold manufacturing, biomechanical devices, automotive, electric, and electronic industries etc. Likewise many studies have been made to find many such lasers and also studies were done to improve / optimize the working parameters of the lasers. FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation LASER is a device which produces a monochromatic light beam where all the waves are coherent. LASER consists of four primary components: Active medium: It contains atoms whose electrons are excited to higher energy levels by an energy source. They are solid crystals such as ruby or Nd:YAG, liquid dyes, gases like CO2 or Helium/Neon, or semiconductors such as GaAs. Excitation Mechanism: Excitation mechanisms pump energy into the active medium. Three basic method of excitation are optical, electrical or chemical. High Reflectance Mirror Partially Transmissive Mirror The major principles of Laser are stimulation, amplification and population inversion. Lasing action: When energy is applied to a laser active medium electrons are raised to an unstable energy level then spontaneously decay to a lower relatively long-lived metastable state. There is possibility to pump large amounts of energy since electrons in this state will not spontaneously return to their ground energy level; thus we can obtain a population inversion in which most of the atoms are in a metastable state. Lasing action is initiated by an electron after achieving population inversion. If the photon released is of exactly the right wavelength it will stimulate an atom in a metastable state to emit a photon of the same wavelength (Stimulated Emission). Large amount of these stimulated photons will be lost when they interfere with the sides of the lasing active medium. However if the photons travel parallel to the long axis of the optical cavity they will continue to stimulate emissions of photons having the same wavelengths which combine coherently until they reach the mirrored ends of the optical cavity. This stimulated emission continues as the beam strikes the 100% reflective mirror and gets reversed to strike against the partially reflecting mirror. A small portion of the coherent light is released while the rest is reflected back through the lasing medium to continue the process of stimulating photons. Types of Laser: There are several types of lasers available based on active medium (solid, liquid or gas), types of gases used, types of crystals used, and mode of operation (continuous wave, pulsed, q-switched) etc. But only few lasers are used for industrial application called as material processing lasers. The commonly used lasers in industries are: CO2 Gas lasers; Nd-YAG solid state laser and Excimer laser. CO2 lasers tend to be high powered (up to 3 kW) and are used in the continuous-wave mode. The Nd-YAG lasers are used in the pulsed mode and can achieve peak powers of 7-10 kW. Mechanics of Laser: The mechanism of material removal during laser beam machining includes four different stages such as: Warm up Melting, Vaporization, Chemical degradation / plasma shielding The material is heated above its melting point when a high energy laser beam is focused on workpiece surface. The melted or vaporized material is then removed by using high pressure assist gas. Unlike other processes, LBM is a thermal process and the effectiveness depends on thermal properties of the material rather than its mechanical properties. This is the major characteristics for which hard-to-machine material such as titanium alloys, super nickel alloys etc and highly brittle material such as glass, ceramics etc can be processed by LBM. NEEDS OF LASER IN AEROSPCE INSUSTRY: As mentioned earlier, lasers are employed much more in material processing industries than other industries. And current scenario of material processing, application of lasers plays a vital role in aerospace industry. The following are some of key points which explain the reason behind this: Cooling holes: Aerospace engineering technology is growing rapidly and the components are exposed to ever increasing exhaust and combustion temperatures. Hence cooling is very much required in order to withstand those high temperatures. One of method is to have cooling holes on TBC (thermal barrier coated) layers. Modern aircraft has nearly 100,000 such cooling holes which are made by laser drilling operation. Airframe weight: One of major criteria of any aircraft is the weight. Many improvements and experiments are going on to lessen the weight of airframe structure. Also it enhances low fuel consumption. High strength aluminum alloys are used for this process. It is found that almost 80% of material used in commercial aircraft and 50% material used in military aircraft is of this aluminum alloy. Laser cutting is one of highly recommended for processing this material. Reduce cost: In this present scenario, cost reduction plays an important role in any industry. With increasing price of petroleum, one of strategy is to reduce total manufacturing cost, labor cost in particular. CNC controlled motorized laser can be used for drilling and cutting purposes which reduces the manufacturing cost. MAJOR LBM PROCESSES USED IN AEROSPACE INDUSTRY: There are two major LBM processes employed in aerospace industry namely, laser drilling and laser cutting. In this report I have made some investigation on two case studies, one for laser drilling and another for laser cutting. Laser Drilling: In laser drilling process is a thermal process which incorporates high energy laser beam which is focused on particular area where the material gets vaporized to form holes on workpiece. There are two types of laser drilling process, percussion laser drilling and trepan laser drilling. Percussion laser drilling: Percussion drilling is drilling where it directly punches the workpiece material where there is no relative movement of laser or workpiece. Thus the processing time is much less when compared to trepan drilling process. Also for drilling 100,000 holes in aircraft components such as turbine blades, airfoil vanes etc, percussion drilling is recommended. Trepan drilling: This drilling involves cutting around circumference of the hole. Thus it takes more time than percussion drilling since it has to go around the circumference to make a hole on workpiece material. Laser cutting: Laser cutting process involves basic principle of mechanics of laser i.e. high energy laser beam is focused to particular area on the workpiece where the material is melted above its melting point. Then the molten material is removed by coaxial assist gas jet or induced vapor pressure thus forming the cut kerf. There are three types of laser cutting processes, laser fusion cutting, laser flame cutting and sublimation cutting. Laser fusion cutting: In this process inert gas such as nitrogen, argon etc is used as assist gas. This process fully depends on the energy of laser beam which is used for high alloyed steels. Laser flame cutting: Oxygen is used as assist gas in this process and it is widely used for low alloyed steels. This process receives some amount of energy from exothermic reaction of the workpiece material. Also the laser power is lower when compared to laser fusion cutting. Sublimation cutting: The material is molten by absorbed laser energy until it partially evaporates. This requires high power densities with much slower speeds than other to cutting processes. CASE STUDY # 1: LASER DRILLING OF MULTILAYER AEROSPACE MATERIAL Objective: As mentioned earlier, aerospace components requires thousands of cooling holes to dissipate the heat of combustion and exhaust gas. These components are given a coating called TBC thermal barrier coating to protect the components from direct exposure to the corrosive environments. Thus the objective of this case study is to investigate and optimize the optimum parameters related to quality of drilled holes on a TBC, thermal barrier coated material. Some of such parameters are mentioned in below figure. Experimental Setup: Laser system: The experiments are made using Nd-YAG JK704 laser with lens of focal length: 120mm. Oxygen is used as assist gas. Previous studies by Corcoran et al identified oxygen as the suitable assist gas for this process. The below chart shows the specification for JK704 laser system. Workpiece setup: Experiments are carried out using Rene 80 substrate coated with TBC. Here yttria stabilized zirconia is used as TBC and it is bonded with the substrate material by means of plasma sprayed MCrAlY bind coat. The material thickness is about 3.6mm. The material composition of Rene 80 is: Ni= 60.0%, Cr= 14.0%, Co= 9.5%, Ti= 5.0%, Mo= 4.0%, W= 4.0%, Al= 3.0%, C= 0.17%, B= 0.015% and Zr= 0.03% Procedure: One-at-a time approach is the traditional approach for conducting laser drilled experiments. In this approach only one parameter is changed keeping all others as constant. But this is time consuming and most importantly interactions of parameters are not considered which may lead to wrong results. Thus Taguchi type approach is considered where orthogonal array was designed to reduce the number of experiments required. From 108, the experiments are reduced to 18. Holes were drilled on Rene 80 substrate surface by percussion laser drilling using the laser system as mentioned earlier. The mean diameters were recorded using profilometer. The following output responses were recorded: Remelt layer thickness; Microcracking depth and Spalling Delamination of TBC. Results: After recording the values as mentioned in the experimental procedure, a chart was plotted which gives the direct comparison of results of 18 experiments. The Taguchi analysis gives the output responses of Remelt layer thickness and microcracking depth which can be then compared with the OEM (Original equipment manufacturer) vane airfoil standards. This is to check whether the attained values are within the mentioned values mentioned in the standards. As per OEM standards, the remelt layer thickness Higher S/N ratio is preferred in S/N analysis. By using the results from Chart 4 i.e. parameter effects plot, the optimum parameters can be obtained for laser drilling of Rene 80 sample. These optimum parameters are chosen in such a way that the remelt layer thickness, microcracking and Delamination of TBC are minimized. Based on derived optimum parameter table, microcracking confirmation tests are carried out to validate the findings. It was found that the laser drilled holes posses very little microcracking at these optimum parameters (Table 3). Three iterations were made, say A, B and C and micrographs were obtained. Conclusion of case study #1: The parameters considered for this study are pulse energy, pulse width, pulse shape, TBC density and the gas pressure. The investigation and results of above case study provides the following conclusions: Pulse energy: High pulse energy reduces the level of microcracking and low pulse energy reduces the level of melting of remelt layer thickness. It is also found that interaction occurs between pulse energy and pulse width. Pulse width: The severity of microcracking and Delamination i.e. the spalling is reduced considerably when shorter pulses are used. Pulse shape: Pulse shape do not have adherent effect on remelt layer thickness whereas in order to minimize delamination, a ramp-up pulse is recommended and to minimize microcracking, a treble pulse is recommended. TBC density: The TBC density has very little effect on the remelt layer thickness, however high density TBC yielded least delamination of bond coat and the TBC used. Gas pressure: Higher the gas pressure is better the output parameters. Gas pressure of 70 psi was found to reduce all the three output response parameters remelt layer thickness, microcracking and delamination. Some pictures showing the laser drilled holes on aircraft turbine component. CASE STUDY #2: LASER CUTTING OF AEROSPACE ALUMINIUM: One of primary goal of aerospace industry is to lessen the weight of airframe structure. This has advantage of saving fuel consumption, and hence the cost. High strength aluminum alloys were used for these applications and laser cutting is one of process which is recommended for processing high strength aluminum but there are some challenges which has limited conventional laser cutting for this application. Objective: Thus, the objective of this case study is to investigate the challenges of conventional laser cutting and study the proposed solution to overcome these challenges. Conventional laser cutting: The usage of conventional laser cutting is limited to process aluminum alloys used in aerospace application is because of two major reasons, It produces cuts with poor surface finish and Large heat affected zone (HAZ) is created. These poor machining characteristics of laser cutting decrease the fatigue life of components which is very essential for aerospace applications. The mechanisms of laser cutting process is, when a high energy laser beam is focused on the workpiece the material gets melted and vaporized and then a assist gas jet is used to drag the molten material away from the workpiece material. If these dragging requirements are not more pronounced, then the molten material may remain in the cutting edge of the workpiece which yields to very poor quality cut and also large HAZ is generated in the cut edge. These all combine to affect the overall mechanical performance of the workpiece material. The best method to improve the dragging efficiency is to increase the gas pressure of assist gas jet. This is required in order to establish a laminar boundary layer between assist gas jet and the molten material. The dragging of molten material is more efficient as a result viscous and pressure drag of the assist gas jet which are the driving force of removal of molten material from the workpiece. Gas pressure cannot be increased beyond 2 bar in conventional laser cutting as it uses converging coaxial cutting head. Any pressure more than 2 bar yields to more aerodynamic interactions. Due to this MSD mach shock disk, a normal shock wave is created which produces serious degradation in gas jet and reduces the dragging capacity. Proposed laser cutting: The drawbacks of conventional laser cutting can be addressed by using Converging diverging (supersonic) nozzle instead of coaxial nozzle Different geometrical configuration of assist gas jet such that it is in off-axis with the laser beam. Using converging- diverging nozzle, we can produce a fully expanded free-jet where MSD can be avoided. Thus we can produce cut of superior finish and also the HAZ is significantly reduced. Experimental setup: The experimental setup used for proposed laser cutting is as follows: Laser used: CO2 slab laser (Rofin DC 035) Output power: 3.5 KW Mode of operation: CW, continuous wave mode Nozzle: Self designed cutting head (supersonic head) Experiments were conducted using conventional and supersonic cutting head and results were recorded. Comparison of results: The workpiece material used fro this experiment is 2024-T3, high strength aluminum alloy. The results were recorded and compared to conventional laser cutting. It was found that the finish was superior and HAZ was reduced than conventional laser cutting. A Challenge in proposed solution: One of major drawback in proposed solution is that, for cutting complex contours the supersonic cutting head has to be changed frequently to remain tangent to the cutting direction. This drawback can be overcome by using a motorized off-axis nozzle controlled by a CNC controller. Conclusion of case study# 2: The following are the conclusion derived from above case study is that by using a cutting head supersonic, off-axis (non coaxial) nozzle can process high strength aluminum alloys with An excellent and superior finish. Negligible heat affected zone, HAZ can be obtained. Production rates can be increased since cutting speed is increased. By using a CNC controlled motorized off-axis cutting head, parts with complex contours can be processed. Labor costs can be reduced as laser is fully automated. CONCLUSION: In this report, a brief discussion about the two major laser beam machining used in aerospace industry, laser drilling and laser cutting were discussed. Also two case studies related to respective process were studied and results were mentioned. LBM is widely used in aerospace applications and more and more researches are going on to improve the current laser technology and many new trends directions were forecasted in this aerospace engineering field. REFERENCES: A.Corcoran, L.Sexton, B.Seaman, G.Bryne, The laser drilling of multi layer aerospace material systems, Journal of material processing technology (2002) A.Riveiro, F.Quintero, J.Pou, F.Lusquinos, R.Comesana, J.del Val, M.Boutinguiza and R.Soto, Laser cutting of aerospace aluminum Avanish Kumar Dubey, Vinod Yadava, Laser beam machining-A review, International Journal of Machine Tools Manufacture, 2008 The Fascinating world of sheetmetal, Dr.Hubert Bitzel Johanna Burchertt F. Dausinger, B.G. Teubner, Strahlwerkzeug Laser: Energieeinkopplung und Prozesseffektività ¤t, Stuttgart, 1995 www.optoIQ.com www.rofin.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_cutting Lecture notes by Prof. A.Senthil kumar, Mechanical Engineering department, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

Henry David Thoreau: a Philosophical Reflection Essay

Henry David Thoreau was an inexhaustible writer that encompassed poetry and philosophy within his narratives and created a style of writing that, for his time, was difficult to define and categorize. Because of this his works were often overlooked for the genius that was held within them as writers of his time had already begun to stray from the traditional stances of philosophy. However, one can easily survey the works of Henry David Thoreau and do so with an immense amount of appreciation for his keen ability to contemplate and delve into the varied psyches and perspectives that man holds. And despite the difficulties in categorization it cannot be denied that Thoreau’s works were powerful and filled with brilliance. Thoreau wrote from a contemplative platform. He was not one who was frightened by solitude. Coined often as saying, â€Å"As you simplify your life, the laws of the universe will be simpler; solitude will not be solitude, poverty will not be poverty, nor weakness, weakness. † He passionately held to the understanding that in order to embrace all the wonder and beauty that the world holds we as a people needed to slow down, to observe our surroundings and embrace all that is before us. And sometimes in order to do that, more often in order to do that, one needed to disconnect and detach from distractions and things that skewed one’s vision in order to do so. Thoreau held to the belief that, â€Å"our limited view often keeps us from appreciating the harmonious interdependence of all parts of the natural world: this is not due to â€Å"any confusion or irregularity in nature,† but because of our own incomplete knowledge. † This was just one of many excerpts taken from Thoreau’s work, Walden, that expressed his elief that we have so much to gain by embracing more than our own perspectives as a singular perspective only sees from one vantage point. This particular work of Thoreau’s, Walden, really highlighted his fusion of philosophy and poetry amidst a presented narrative. And as previously mentioned, while it made it hard to categorize, Thoreau did gain notoriety for its content and his literary prowess. Thoreau was a Harvard graduate. He was a student of ancient scripture as well as one who studied literature containing Asian wisdoms and traditions. He was well versed and enjoyed covering a broad spectrum of material. He enjoyed the philosophical perspectives of Locke and Coleridge as well as holding honor and respect for Emerson, despite their different outlooks at times. It was evident in his writings that he held a great value for nature. He also found importance in seeking out God in the midst of nature’s existence. Thoreau held to this belief not just as a mere perspective but as a life philosophy as well. The evidence of such was found in that many of his greatest writings came when silence stilled the atmosphere and he was able to enter into the beauty that the earth around him held. After all it was his belief that beauty was more than just in the eye of the beholder but was actually held within one, a beholder, who was able to first perceive it. Thoreau brilliantly described his viewpoints in his explorations of human perspectives and challenged individuals to see beyond the mere surface of things. We see this demonstrated in the expression of his story, Walden. He was out in the woods, far from any other individual for two years and two months. During that time, he became one with nature in a way he found difficult to do amongst the bustling of a busy city. He provided for himself through his work laboring the land and as he was secluded in this place he was able to gain a deeper perspective of life through his silent contemplations of the life that surrounded him. It wasn’t loud, crowded and crazy, filled with opinions and demands. The wilderness provided a contemplative canvas of beauty where every possibility could be considered without the rude interruptions that often come with man’s agenda. In the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy it was aptly conveyed that one of the greatest attributes or virtues of Thoreau’s writings was awareness. Thoreau had a talent for drawing his reader’s into a greater understanding of things they were not first nature to them and causing them to ponder, reflect and evaluate life in a deeper manner. Life is more than what it first appears and that in the embrace of simplicity one can begin to see and behold all that there is beyond what merely man has created himself, this was a message of great importance to Thoreau. Henry David was also an agent of change. In arousing individuals to embrace greater perspectives of life philosophies he compelled them further to change the way that they approached life. His belief was this, â€Å"We need to cherish and nurture our capability to discern the difference between the idea and reality, between what is and what ought to be. It is when we experience dissatisfaction with ourselves or with external circumstances that we are stimulated to act in the interest of making things better. † If we strive to uphold a certain value but are not actively doing things that promote our values or beliefs then there is a chasm between what is and what should be and Thoreau was not shy about addressing this issue in his writings. Ultimately Henry David Thoreau was an inspirational writer who spurred his readers on to seek out and explore a life with deeper meaning. He admonished small thinking and in the same breath imparted a sense of hope and expectation in portraying that there was more to the world than meets the eye. It was just simply in the eye of the beholder to not only see it but perceive it. This thought was brilliantly encapsulated within a timeless quote credited to Henry David Thoreau when stated, â€Å"What lies behind us and what lies ahead of us are tiny matters compared to what lives within us. † If one believes, all things are possible.

James Dean as the Iconic Rebel Figure Essay

The Oxford English Dictionary defined a rebel as â€Å"a person who resists authority, control, or convention† . These are the characteristics of James Dean’s screen personas in Nicholas Ray’s Rebel Without a Cause and Elia Kazan’s East of Eden. In a time where conformity was a dominant ideology in society, rebellion became a way to display your own individuality. Rebel Without a Cause and East of Eden both respectively deal with the vexing problem of the asocial youth who remain stubbornly delinquent against the nuclear family. Each respective film touches upon the puzzling subject of the 1950s, which is juvenile delinquency. The films also provide ammunition for the ideological rebellious behavior for teens to parody. Rebel Without a Cause and East of Eden are both concerned with young people â€Å"estranged from their communities and struggling to define themselves differently than the norm† . James Dean was an attractive rebel figure because he represented the raw-nerved emotions of being an adolescent while he also asserted a romantic, mythic notion about, which became attractive to audiences young and old. Dean’s upfront sexiness and relentless desire to imbue honor make Rebel Without a Cause and East of Eden films that withstand generational changes and remain prevalent within teenage society today. James Dean as the archetype for the ‘rebel’ character personified a decade of defiance, and his screen portrayal of the iconic rebel sparked a cult following that superseded his life. The continued relevance and renowned status of Dean’s screen persona is prevalent because of its â€Å"sympathetic treatment of adolescent anguish† that each director concentrated on. The enigmatic nature of the rebel icon made it easy for the viewing audience to grab hold and manifest their personal principles onto it. Dean was catapulted to a cult figure as he evoked the submerged pain and spoke for a generation of people who had sense of being stifled and smothered by values that were imprisoned by. Furthermore, Dean molded the formation of the â€Å"tough-but-tender† iconic teen rebel in the 1950s, and became a commodity and the legendary figure of teenage angst. Dean’s unbridled emotions both on and off screen became essential in both Rebel Without a Cause and East of Eden as they channeled the teenager in all of us . The 1950s were a time when teenagers were struggling with their own identity and this idea of conformity was oppressive to their individual growth. James Dean epitomized the ‘rebel’, as his inability to stick to confined conformity both on and off screen was a major asset during 1950s filmmaking. The rebel character that was present in both films was an attempt to glorify individuality. Dean’s protagonist characters in each respective film were alienated, vulnerable and antisocial, which were standard traits of the common rebel. The 1950s became an era where individualism had to be tempered to suit the demanded conformity. The ‘rebel’ icon as a whole offered refuge in a time where adolescents were trapped in environments created by political and social forces beyond their control, which impeded their ability to make their own choices or realize their aspirations. Filmmakers like Ray and Kazan attempted to assert their individuality by creating these rebellious characters that went against the accepted norms and fought for what they wanted to achieve. Ray was acutely aware that the recognitions of the attractive young rebel would intonate a large following, and casting the Hollywood bad-boy, James Dean, created a synergy between Dean’s screen persona, Jim Stark, and his real life counterpart. With his magnificent confusion, pained fragility, and unwavering sexiness, Dean became the template for teenage rebellion. Rebel Without a Cause exemplifies a thinly veiled attempt to search for authority that catapults into an attempt to search for an identity for oneself. On the other hand, in Kazan’s films, he exploited Dean’s screen persona as the rebel anti-hero in American movies, democratizing and linking the rebellious behavior to root in American values . This was also seen in Rebel Without a Cause; however, this idea was predominant within East of Eden. By Kazan doing this, Dean as a rebel character, but also the film East of Eden became symbolic visions and vehicles of change. The integrity of the family formed the backbone conformity in the 1950s and non-conformity based on a non-traditional family was something that had not been fully explored. The non-traditional nuclear family is something that was taboo; however, both Ray and Kazan deal with them in their respective films. In Rebel Without a Cause the use of gender-role reversal is apparent; and within East of Eden, the idea of an absentee mother is present. These non-traditional nuclear families pave the way for the rebel character that Dean personifies on screen. Dean is used as a sentimentalist with a yearning to refurbish the struggling nuclear family. Since the nuclear family played such an influential role, Hollywood saw it as worth saving and worth reconstructing. During this decade, the nuclear family dominated, so it was important to reconstruct the failing nuclear family in order to promote the conformity the government and society sorely desired; in cases where the nuclear family could not be restored, sickness or injury became the typical Hollywood scapegoat. While the nuclear family plays an important role in understanding the rebel character, the family plays a background role within the film itself. The nuclear family within Rebel Without a Cause features gender role reversal where Dean’s father is a weak pushover and is controlled by his overpowering wife, that ultimately forces Dean to react in a rebellious manner. These non-traditional gender roles confuse the teenage characters and propagate the rebellious characteristics as a mean for garnering attention. In order to right these wrongs, Jim adopts a surrogate family, whereby Judy is his wife, and Plato becomes the adoptive son. Since there is a lack of a traditional nuclear family, the escape to the abandoned mansion removes Dean from the â€Å"compromises of the real world† whereby he is able to live with Judy and Plato in an â€Å"idealized version of family life†, which is when he comes to the realization that he no longer needs to â€Å"equate masculinity with violent rebellion† and perpetuates his reintegration into society. Additionally, Elia Kazan was fascinated with James Dean’s personal struggles, which helped him connect to his rebellious character as Cal in East of Eden. Kazan used Dean’s personal problems to his advantage, exploiting them and creating a tumultuous nuclear family that mimicked the biblical tale of Cain and Abel. The â€Å"love and hate† plotline that deals with forbidden love and explosive passions is reticent of the well-known biblical tale. Cal – defiant, disobedient, and uncompromising – provokes the central conflict within the film, which impersonates his biblical counterpart Cain. Cal himself is stuck between the â€Å"brooding coast of his mother’s sin† and the â€Å"sunlit valley of his father’s righteousness†, which adjusts and brings to light the coexistence of good and evil within all of us. Cal and Aron are primary demonstrations of this good versus evil idea, as they are fighting for their father’s affections, which is a paralleled allegory of the biblical tale. However, it is also applicable to the 1950s when the film was created, and can be further adapted to fit modern society, which is why East of Eden is a timeless film. Dean’s character Cal exhibits a multitude of self-destructive behavior. As a traditional rebellious character, Dean exhibits free will and the capacity to forgive even though he begrudges his father and brother throughout the diegetic. Cal is embittered with the idea that his father favors Aron, his â€Å"perfect† twin brother. Further, Cal attempts to win his father’s undying affection by farming beans and selling them for a large profit. If Cal shows his father that he can create a successful business and repay him monies lost, he would be showered with the affection he feels deprived from. Cal’s plan backfires and instead resorts to â€Å"killing† his brother by destroying his integrity in order to gain his father’s affection and adoration. However, this plan fails and ultimately causes his father’s demise. The theme of reconciliation appears in East of Eden when Dean offers to take care of his invalid father shows his father that his intentions, while misguided, were pure and only used as a guise for his father to notice all his hard work. Dean’s concern with masculinity and manhood is at the forefront of Rebel Without a Cause. Dean exhibits â€Å"moral and psychological vertigo as he teeters on the brink of manhood† , and is concerned with masculinity as there has been an apparent lacking representation of manhood within his home life. Dean is searching for a strong and upright male figure with whom he can identify with, which was a customary representation during the 1950s. Instead of being a strong role model, Dean’s father portrayed as a craven subordinate who succumbs to the over-demanding ways of his boisterous wife. For a struggling teen, these ideals prove to be less than appropriate, which launches Dean into rebellion, in hopes of finding the role model he desperately needs and desires. In the absence of a credible adult guidance, especially from his father, Dean questions his masculinity. Furthermore, Dean equates manhood with honor. This theme of masculinity and honor is present in both Rebel Without a Cause and East of Eden. In Rebel Without a Cause Dean plays the role of the informer, which is an honorable characteristic . Informing is construed as the highest act of courage, and displays a defining moral choice. Having this moral compass helps to shape and define the man that Dean will turn in to, which is a dependable figure as he attempts to salvage Pluto’s insanity and Judy’s insecurities. Dean screen persona is concerned with not only preserving his honor, but also with surviving and thriving in a world that embodies teenage confusion. Ultimately, Dean’s reconciliation with hegemony makes a rebel honorable, possible by the virtue of its own authority and â€Å"unimpaired by psychosis, alienation, or a romanticized futility†. While Dean is a rebel within East of Eden by defying his father’s orders, he has honorable characteristics when dealing with his manhood. Integrity and honor are integral parts to Dean’s persona as he attempts to save his father and salvage his well being after an ill-advised investment. The rebel character that became a figure of non-conformity, and rugged individualism became not only a culture but also became a political stance as a way to stray from American hegemony. Ray uses Dean as a dissent of social control, in order to promote the independence that became synonymous with rebellious behavior. There was a pressure to conform that was thrust upon the young adolescents, who were already facing a confusing time during their formative years. Dean as a ‘rebel’ is espoused as the cause of the protestor and stultified the inherently violent social system. The rebel sparked debate and offered a different perspective that would not have been possible with a completely conformist hegemonic society. In order to stray from a completely hegemonic society, and defy global homogenization, America can turn iconography against itself. This was a message the Ray attempted to portray by having the rebellious characters fight each other even though ultimately they believed in the same things. Psychological and social issues became prevalent and defined the two types of rebels that were present within Rebel Without a Cause. Firstly, there is the rebel that James Dean personified with displays of reconciliation and reintegration into society; and secondly, there is a character such as Plato who was a clear representation of irreconcilable rebellion. Dean is able to be readmitted into society as his disaffection was not profound in the first place, and was used as a mechanism of expression and attention in the wake of the absence of a strong father. Additionally, Dean’s rebelliousness was sentimentalized, which furthered his reintegration. On the other hand, irreconcilable rebellion is equated to insanity, which cannot be accommodated in society, thusly forcing Plato’s death and the end of the film. While psychological issues can be discusses and presented within a film, insanity is not accepted during the 1950s, so to respond to this, it is imperative for Plato to die. With the death of Plato and the re-integration of Dean’s character, there is a theme of rehabilitation. Moreover, â€Å"once the abyss of personal isolation is bridged, rebelliousness ceases† and those who cannot experience rehabilitations have no place within the film diegetic. This was seen with Plato who was shot down, and Buzz who died during the â€Å"chicken run† he challenged Dean to. Kazan’s representation of the rebellious character in East of Eden was seen as a function of a lack of love and meaningful contact, which is why Cal’s forbidden relationship with Abra became central within the narrative. Dean’s screen persona is searching for the â€Å"authentic self† and his masculine identity, which leads him to his mother as well as his reliance on Abra. Further, Abra is the catalyst for the reconciliations between Cal and his father as she promotes the loving relationship the Cal lacks with his father. East of Eden deals with moral values in a generation where teenagers begin to question their father’s generation. Abra became a representation of purity and simplicity that helped bridge the tumultuous relationship between father and son during the period of intense personal moral dilemma for the teenage rebel. All in all, â€Å"the young rebel character that is firmly ingrained in our cultural imagination carries its traces to the Hollywood screen rebels of the fifties, none more than James Dean† . Both Rebel Without a Cause and East of Eden are dealing with the protagonist’s movement into moral orientation and their journey into self-identification, and present themselves as remedial, therapeutic, and redemptive, which explain symptoms with implied cures. Over the decades the rebel has been a particularly ambiguous icon, where the meanings often contradict one another; however, the use of James Dean as an iconoclastic rebel defined term and created the archetypal ‘rebel’ character. During the 1950s, every aspect of emerging teen culture was viewed as threatening and incomprehensible; however, the rebel character was used for teens to expand their personal boundaries during a time when the cultural landscape was largely undefined.